Sunday, January 14, 2018

337. The Next Big Thing: Ten That Changed Us, Shook Us Up


Dark Knowledge, the third title in my Metropolis series of novels set in nineteenth-century New York, was released by Anaphora Literary Press on January 5, 2018, making it available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.  Signed copies are available from the author.  For more about this and other works of mine, see below following the post. 

A note to my friends:  Yes, I publicize my books, because you have to, and this year there will be more.  BUT: Don't buy them unless you really wish to read them.  I don't want to be one of those writers whose friends say, "Oh my God, he's published another book!  I suppose we'll have to buy it."  Some of my friends buy all my books, some buy none, and some buy some but not others, and all of that is okay.  In time, books usually find their audience.

Browder - Cover - 9781681143675-Perfect - 2

SMALL  TALK

         Just after 7 a.m. the driver stopped his car on the lower level of the bridge, where there is no pedestrian walkway, only a maintenance catwalk and a barricade-height railing.  He quickly climbed over the railing and jumped into space and his death.  Later retrieved from the water far below, the body was identified as that of a 38-year-old man from Queens.  This was the fifteenth suicide on the bridge for 2017, three more than in 2016, but three less than in 2015.

         The bridge in question is the George Washington Bridge, spanning the Hudson River and joining Washington Heights, Manhattan, to Fort Lee,  New Jersey: a magnificent double-decked suspension bridge dating from 1931 that I have walked many times on the upper level, a heavily trafficked span whose constant din of traffic has not kept me from gazing in awe at the towers soaring high above me and at the steel harp of the cables, or kept me from looking dizzily down into empty space and, far below, the waters of the Hudson, splashed on sunny days with dots or streaks of silver.  Just looking down for a moment makes my legs go weak, so scary and yet fascinating is that vertiginous drop.  And when I reach either end of the bridge and feel terra firma under me again, I always feel a bit of relief.

         The George Washington Bridge rivals the Empire State Building, and the Golden Gate bridge in San Francisco, as a preferred site for suicide attempts.  An attempt is thwarted on the bridge about every five days, for a total of 68 “saves” in 2017 as of November last.  Port Authority officers train cameras on the pedestrian walkway, and if they see someone lingering too close to the railing for a bit too long, they can dispatch a fully equipped emergency unit to prevent the attempt.  In addition to the 68 “saves,” 37 possible attempts were thwarted when officers, forewarned by someone, stopped the presumed suiciders before they even reached the bridge.

         But officers can’t prevent every attempt, as the total of 15 suicides for 2017 attests, so a new preventive is being installed: an 11-foot-high fence connected to netting that forms a canopy over the pedestrian walkway.  This is a much more formidable obstacle than the barricade-height railing already in place; to get past it would take time and effort, giving the officers more time to intervene.  According to suicidologists (yes, there really is such a word, though my spell check doubts it), barriers on bridges are effective in reducing rates of death by suicide.  So more power to the barriers, and if you ever take a walk across the bridge (which I highly recommend), just don’t linger long by the railing.

Source note:  This article was inspired by an article by James Barron in the New York Times of December 30, 2017.

THE  NEXT  BIG  THING     

     It bursts upon the scene.  Fans want to attend it, consumers want to buy it, investors want to invest in it before word gets around.  It excites, it maddens, it intoxicates.  Above all, it is something startlingly new, astonishingly different.  And it can make the world better … or worse.

     No,  don’t mean the entrepreneur-led charitable foundation of that name that seeks to empower young entrepreneurs to take on the world, admirable a goal as that is.  Nor do I mean any number of novels and high-tech gadgets and other stuff marketed online as “the next big thing.”  I mean a rich variety of break-through inventions, styles, fashions, and fads that swept New York and the nation, if not the world, changing, or seeming to change, the way we live.  Let’s have a look at ten  of them.

1.  Fulton’s steamboat, 1807

In 1807 Robert Fulton’s pioneer North River Steamboat, later rechristened the Clermont, made the round trip on the Hudson River from New York to Albany and back in an amazing 32 hours.  Amazing because, prior to this, the Hudson River sloops, sailing upstream against the current and often against wind and tide as well, took as much as three days just to get to Albany.  Steamboats revolutionized traffic on the waterways of America and the world, bringing distant places closer together and, in New York State, letting New York City legislators get to the state capital expeditiously, so they could pursue their legislative schemes and stratagems, and try to keep upstate lawmakers, whom they termed “hayseeds,” from neglecting or abusing their beloved Babylon on the Hudson.

File:Steamboats on Hudson River at Highlands.jpg
Steamboats on the Hudson at the Highlands.  A Currier & Ives print of 1874.

2.  Jenny Lind, 1850

File:Jenny Lind New York Concert.jpg
The Castle Garden concert.
Promoted shrewdly and outrageously by P. T. Barnum, the master of humbug, the Swedish coloratura became a sensation in America. Citizens who knew little or nothing about coloratura sopranos suddenly felt an intense need to hear the Swedish Nightingale warble her magical notes. Thousands thronged the piers to witness her arrival on September 1, some of them suffering bruises and bloody noses in the process; a fatal crush was narrowly avoided.  To get her through the crowd, Barnum’s coachman had to clear the way with his whip.  As for her first performance on September 11 at Castle Garden on the Battery, she astonished the packed audience with her vocal feats.  All tickets having been sold already at auction, some without tickets hired rowboats and rowed out into the harbor to hear her from there, faintly but distinctly.

3.  The Hoopskirt, 1856

When news reached these shores that EugĂ©nie, the Empress of the French, had adopted a new style of dress, the hoopskirt, averaging some three yards in width, the fashionable women of New York and the nation simply had to add this marvel of  technology to their wardrobe, and the factories of New York bustled and hummed accordingly, turning out up to four thousand a day.  For the next ten years or so, the ladies labored to maneuver through narrow doorways, and to sit gently and comfortably, in these cagelike monstrosities of fashion, until word came that the Empress of the French now favored quite another style, the bustle, which spelled the end of the hoopskirt.

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An 1856 cutaway view from Punch.

4.  The Black Crook, 1866

It opened on September 12 at Niblo’s Garden, a huge theater on Broadway, and ran for a record 474 performances: a heady brew of a melodrama with a scheming villain who contracted to sell souls to the devil in exchange for magical powers.  An extravaganza of extravaganzas with a hodgepodge of a plot, it featured a kidnapped heroine to be rescued by a hero; a fairy queen who appeared as a dove and was rescued from a serpent; a grotto with swans, nymphs, and sea gods that rose magically out of the floor; a devil appearing and disappearing in bursts of red light; fairies lolling on silver couches in a silver rain; angels dropping from the clouds in gilded chariots; a “baby ballet” with children; a fife and drum corps; the raucous explosion of a cancan with two hundred shapely legs kicking high, then exposing their frothy underthings and gauze-clad derrieres.  When, at the end of the five-hour spectacle, the cast took their curtain calls before a wildly applauding audience, they were cheered by leering old men in the three front rows who pelted them with roses.  Denounced from pulpits as “devilish heathen orgies” and “sins of Babylon,” it was a long-time smashing success, revived often on Broadway and touring the country for years.  Some see it as the origin of both the Broadway musical and burlesque.

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 An 1866 poster.  For spectacle, even the Met Opera today couldn't match it.

5.  Edison’s incandescent light, 1882

At 3:00 p.m. on September 4, 1882, Thomas Edison flicked a switch at his Pearl Street power plant in downtown Manhattan, suddenly illuminating the Stock Exchange, the offices of the nation’s largest newspapers, and certain private residences, including that of financial mogul J.P. Morgan.  “I have accomplished all that I promised,” announced the Wizard of Menlo Park.

     A young inventor already credited with the invention of the phonograph, Edison had demonstrated his new incandescent light bulb to potential backers in December 1879, and subsequently to the public.  “When I am through,” he told the press, “only the rich will be able to afford candles.”  Impressed, wealthy patrons such as Morgan and the Vanderbilts had invested in the enterprise.  At his research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison and his team worked diligently to develop and patent the basic equipment needed, including six steam-powered dynamos, 27-ton “Jumbos,” the largest ever built.  The dynamos at the Pearl Street plant were then connected by copper wires running underground to other buildings whose owners had contracted with Edison for illumination.

File:Laying the electrical Tubes electric lines under street Edison Pearl Street Utility June 21 1882 Harpers Weekly - detail.png
Laying Mr. Edison's electrical wires in the streets, 1882.
     The miracle of lighting by electricity had been demonstrated in New York, but throughout the nation the public held back, having heard reports of horses being shocked and workmen electrocuted.  Insisting that electric light was clean, healthy, and efficient, not requiring the sprawling, foul-smelling facilities needed to provide gas for gas lighting, Edison staged an Electric Torch Light Parade where 4,000 men marched through Manhattan, their heads adorned with illuminated light bulbs  connected to a horse-drawn, steam-powered generator.  The marchers weren’t electrocuted, proving that electricity was safe, and the public was slowly won over.  Hotels, restaurants, shops, and brothels soon became radiant with light.  Darkness was banished and urban life transformed, and pickpockets could work in the evening.

6.  First U.S. auto fatality, 1899

On September 13, 1899, Henry Hale Bliss, a real estate dealer, was struck by an electric-powered taxi while getting off a streetcar at West 74th Street and Central Park West, and knocked to the ground; rushed to a hospital, he died the following morning, the first such fatality in the nation.  The taxi driver was arrested and charged with manslaughter, but was acquitted on the grounds of having exhibited no malice or negligence.  All of which is a reminder that the Next Big Thing can bring perils as well as benefits.  Installed on the centennial of the accident, a plaque commemorating his death now marks the spot.

7.  The Armory Show, 1913

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A 1913 button.
The International Exhibition of Modern Art, held at the 69thRegiment Armory on Lexington Avenue between 25th and 26thStreets, introduced avant-garde European art to Americans who were primarily used to realism, shocking them with a heavy dose of Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism. Especially jolting to their eyeballs was Marcel Duchamp’sNude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, which expressed motion through a succession of superimposed images not of human limbs, but of conical and cylindrical abstractions in brown, a double blast of Cubism and Futurism.  Organized by the Association of American Painters and Sculptors, this assemblage of 1300 works, including a fair number of nudes, was more than some could take.  Accusations of quackery, insanity, immorality, and anarchy multiplied, parodies and cartoons mocked the show, and former president Theodore Roosevelt declared, “That’s not art!”  But the civil authorities declined to close the exhibition down, and Americans began adjusting to the startling, radical, nerve-jolting, and precedent-shattering phenomenon that was modern art.

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Duchamp's descending nude.

8.  The Charleston, 1923

It burst upon the nation when a tune called “The Charleston” ended the first act of the Broadway show Runnin’ Wild, and the all-black cast did an exuberant, fast-stepping dance that grabbed the audience, the city, and the nation, and then went on, some say, to become the most popular dance of all time.  (But what about the waltz?)  The song’s African American composer, James P. Johnson, had first seen the then-unnamed dance danced in 1913 in a New York cellar dive frequented by blacks from Charleston, South Carolina, who danced and screamed all night; inspired, Johnson then composed several numbers for the dance, including the one made popular by the musical.  But the dance itself, which made the tango seem tame and the waltz antiquated, has been traced back to the Ashanti tribe of the African Gold Coast.  The dance was brought to this country by slaves; after emancipation, African Americans seeking jobs in the North brought it to Chicago and New York, where Johnson discovered it, and the rest is history. 

The Original Charleston

     The dance spread like fever.  Dance halls and hotels featured Charleston contests; ads in New York papers seeking a black cook, maid, waiter, or gardener insisted, “Must be able to do the Charleston,” so they could teach their employers the dance; hospitals throughout the country began admitting patients complaining of “Charleston knee”; an evangelist in Oregon called it “the first step toward hell”; and the collapse of three floors above a dance club in Boston, killing fifty patrons, was blamed on vibrations of Charleston dancers, causing the mayor to ban the dance from all public dance halls.  But the more the dance was censured or banned, the more popular it became; the whole nation was “Charleston mad.”  (Ragtime, then jazz, then the Charleston: the African American contribution to American pop culture has been phenomenal.)

     A personal aside: I discovered the Charleston when I sawThe Boyfriend, a frothy 1954 Broadway musical that re-created and spoofed the musicals of the 1920s, while vaulting Julie Andrews into stardom.  Ever since, having been raised on the waltz and the foxtrot, I’ve wanted to do the Charleston, but never found anyone to teach it to me.  I’d like to say that my parents did the dance, but they were in their thirties when it burst upon the scene, and living quietly in and near Chicago, untroubled by Al Capone and his cohorts, and raising one infant son and soon expecting another (guess who).  In my later years, feeling totally uninhibited at last, I did my share of wild dancing, but never the Charleston, for which I feel grievously deprived.  Why the Charleston?  It’s joyous, it’s crazy, it’s wild.  Go check it out on You Tube and you’ll see what I mean.  But I don’t plan to do it now.  If I did, the Daily Drivel, a tabloid published only in my mind, would flash a headline:

OCTOGENARIAN  RISKS
FRACTURING  HIS  HIP
WHILE  DOING  THE
CHARLESTON

DOCTORS  ADVISE
TRANQUILIZERS
AND  THERAPY

(P.S. to the above.  Thanks to two charming young teachers on You Tube, I have in fact learned a basic step or two of the Charleston, which I now do wildly in my apartment, humming to myself some jazzy music probably snatched from The Boyfriend.  So far, no mishap.  I urge everyone in the mood for a bit of craziness to learn, at least a little bit, this wild and crazy dance.  It banishes tedium, relieves depression, and incites joy.)

9.  New York World’s Fair, 1939-1940

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A view of the Trylon and Perisphere.
Covering 1200 acres in Flushing Meadows Park in Queens, it exposed 44 million visitors to “the World of Tomorrow,” as embodied in the Trylon, a soaring 610-foot spire, and the Perisphere, a huge sphere housing a diorama depicting a utopian city of the future.  The fair’s modernistic vision of the future was meant to lift the spirits of the country, which was just barely emerging from the Great Depression, and meant also, of course, to bring business to New York.  (Little did the optimistic planners realize that the world was about to be convulsed by World War II.) 
    
     Exhibits included the Westinghouse Time Capsule, a tube buried on the fair’s site and containing writings by Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann, copies of Life Magazine, a Mickey Mouse watch, a kewpie doll, a pack of Camel cigarettes, and other goodies meant to convey the essence of twentieth-century American culture.  A Book of Record deposited with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington contains instructions for locating the buried capsule, instructions that will be translated into future languages with the passage of time.  One indeed wonders what future generations, if such there be, will think of us when, if all goes as planned, they locate and open the buried capsule a mere 5,000 years from now.

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The Futurama exhibit, showing a street intersection
of the City of Tomorrow.  I'll let residents of New York
and our other big cities report to what extent this
has been achieved.
     Also featured at the fair was Westinghouse’s Electro the Moto-Man, a 7-foot robot that talked and even smoked cigarettes; an appearance by Superman; a General Motors pavilion with an astonishing Futurama exhibit of the U.S. of tomorrow; an IBM pavilion with electric typewriters and a fantastic “electric calculator”; a Borden’s exhibit with 150 pedigreed cows, including the original Elsie, on a Rotolactor that bathed and milked them mechanically; Frank Buck’s Jungleland, with three performing elephants and 600 monkeys; a Billy Rose Aquacade with synchronized swimmers; and a Salvador DalĂ­ pavilion with scantily clad performers posing as statues.  This and some neighboring girlie shows prompted complaints, and the New York Vice Squad on occasion raided the Amusement Area, but these tributes to the world of today were never quite shut down.  As for the World of Tomorrow, some of it, such as robots and computers, has come to pass, but a lot has not, showing once again the near impossibility of accurately predicting the future.

10.  The Beatles, 1964

On February 7, 1964, the now legendary foursome, then newly popular in Great Britain, arrived at New York’s Kennedy Airport, where, to their astonishment, they were greeted by 4,000 fans held back by police barriers, and – just as important – 200 journalists.  Intensifying anticipation of their arrival were five million posters distributed throughout the nation to announce their coming, and the phenomenal success of their song “I Want to Hold Your Hand,” which had sold a million and a half copies in just three weeks.  Grinning and waving cheerily, the lads from Liverpool were immediately subjected to a chaotic press conference where they played the journalists for straight men.

     “What do you think of Beethoven?” one reporter asked.

     “Great,” replied Ringo Starr.  “Especially his poems.”

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From left to right: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr.
Greeting fans at Kennedy Airport.

     After an hour of this banter they were put into limousines, one per Beatle, and driven into the city to the sumptuous Plaza Hotel at Fifth Avenue and Central Park South, where a ten-room suite on the 12th floor had been reserved for “four English gentlemen.”  The sedate Plaza didn’t know what had hit it, as Beatles fans – mostly hysterical young women – ran against traffic to the hotel, eager to get even the barest glimpse of the Fab Four in their collarless sleek mod suits, their young faces topped by pudding-bowl haircuts called “mop tops” that provoked much comment, not all of it positive, from the press.  BEATLES 4 EVER proclaimed an outsized sign that the fans held aloft, as they chanted “We want the Beatles” and screamed and wept, and sometimes fainted from excitement. Their idols reveled in the hotel’s luxury but felt besieged, their suite guarded by round-the-clock guards.  Two large cartons addressed to the Beatles arrived at the hotel, but proved to contain two female fans who, being detected, never reached their goal.  Another sixty got as far as the 12th-floor stairwell before being caught and expelled.

     Briefly eluding their fans, the boys were soon riding in Central Park in a horse-drawn carriage, staring in wonder at the city, and Ringo was photographed dancing the night away with singer Jeanie Dell at the Headline Club.  But this was mere prelude to their first U.S. TV appearance on the Ed Sullivan show on February 9, which was watched by an estimated 73 million viewers, this blogger among them, though their music was barely heard over the screams of the teenage girls in the audience.  Continuing their ten-day tour, on February 11 they gave a concert at the huge Coliseum in Washington that was attended by 20,000 fans, then the next day gave two back-to-back performances at Carnegie Hall in New York, where fan hysteria caused the police to close off the surrounding streets.  After more concerts, on February 22 they flew back to England, allowing a semblance of normality to return to this city and the whole East Coast. 

     Meanwhile their singles and albums were selling millions of records, and their first feature-length film, A Hard Day’s Night,was released in August 1964, a gentle spoof of the whole scene that this blogger much enjoyed.  And later that month, to capitalize on the Beatlemania now raging in the U.S., the foursome returned for a second tour and played to sold-out houses across the country.  Some critics scoffed and quibbled at their music, but it hardly mattered; by now the foursome had the young audience firmly in their grip.  The renowned conductor Leopold Stokowski, commenting to an audience of his own at Carnegie Hall, complained that the Beatles’ music, which he happened to like, was drowned out by the teen audience’s screaming.  “If you can’t hear them,” he asked, “why are they so great?”  The answer came at once from a red-headed girl in the audience: “Because they’re cuties!”  As for the older set, they were probably relieved, in that age of strident youthful rebellion, to encounter four likable twenty-somethings who didn’t threaten anyone.  And the twenty-somethings raked in millions.


     So what today will be the Next Big Thing?  Driverless cars?  Robot-operated factories?  A cure – a real cure – for cancer?  Life on Mars?  Some crazy new dance?  Your guess is as good as mine.  But this much is certain: sooner or later it will come, and when it does, it will astonish, madden, and excite.


BROWDERBOOKS
  


All books are available online as indicated, or from the author.

1.  No Place for Normal: New York / Stories from the Most Exciting City in the World (Mill City Press, 2015).  Winner of the Tenth Annual National Indie Excellence Award for Regional Non-Fiction; first place in the Travel category of the 2015-2016 Reader Views Literary Awards; and Honorable Mention in the Culture category of the Eric Hoffer Book Awards for 2016.  All about anything and everything New York: alcoholics, abortionists, greenmarkets, Occupy Wall Street, the Gay Pride Parade, my mugging in Central Park, peyote visions, and an artist who made art of a blackened human toe.  In her Reader Views review, Sheri Hoyte called it "a delightful treasure chest full of short stories about New York City."

If you love the city (or hate it), this may be the book for you.  An award winner, it sold well at BookCon 2017.

Review 

"If you want wonderful inside tales about New York, this is the book for you.  Cliff Browder has a way with his writing that makes the city I lived in for 40 plus years come alive in a new and delightful way. A refreshing view on NYC that will not disappoint."  Five-star Amazon customer review by Bill L.

Available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.

No Place for Normal: New York / Stories from the Most Exciting City in the World

2.  Bill Hope: His Story (Anaphora Literary Press, 2017), the second novel in the Metropolis series.  New York City, 1870s: From his cell in the gloomy prison known as the Tombs, young Bill Hope spills out in a torrent of words the story of his career as a pickpocket and shoplifter; his brutal treatment at Sing Sing and escape from another prison in a coffin; his forays into brownstones and polite society; and his sojourn among the “loonies” in a madhouse, from which he emerges to face betrayal and death threats, and possible involvement in a murder.  Driving him throughout is a fierce desire for better, a persistent and undying hope.

For readers who like historical fiction and a fast-moving story.


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Reviews

"A real yarn of a story about a lovable pickpocket who gets into trouble and has a great adventure.  A must read."  Five-star Amazon customer review by nicole w brown.

"This was a fun book.  The main character seemed like a cross between Huck Finn and a Charles Dickens character.  I would recommend this."  Four-star LibraryThing review by stephvin.

Available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.


3.  Dark Knowledge (Anaphora Literary Press, 2018), the third novel in the Metropolis series.  Adult and young adult.  A fast-moving historical novel about New York City and the slave trade, with the sights and sounds and smells of the waterfront. 

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The back cover summary:


New York City, late 1860s.  When young Chris Harmony learns that members of his family may have been involved in the illegal pre-Civil War slave trade, taking slaves from Africa to Cuba, he is appalled.  Determined to learn the truth, he begins an investigation that takes him into a dingy waterfront saloon, musty old maritime records that yield startling secrets, and elegant brownstone parlors that may have been furnished by the trade.  Since those once involved dread exposure, he meets denials and evasions, then threats, and a key witness is murdered.  Chris has vivid fantasies of the suffering slaves on the ships and their savage revolts.  How could seemingly respectable people be involved in so abhorrent a trade, and how did they avoid exposure?  And what price must Chris pay to learn the painful truth and proclaim it?

Early reviews

"A lively and entertaining tale.  The writing styles, plot, pace and character development were excellent."  Four-star LibraryThing early review by BridgitDavis.

"At first the plot ... seemed a bit contrived, but I was soon swept up in the tale."  Four-star LibraryThing early review by snash.

"I am glad that I have read this book as it goes into great detail and the presentation is amazing.  The Author obviously knows his stuff."  Four-star LibraryThing early review by Moiser20.

Just released; available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.


4.  The Pleasuring of Men (Gival Press, 2011), the first novel in the Metropolis series, tells the story of a respectably raised young man who chooses to become a male prostitute in late 1860s New York and falls in love with his most difficult client.

What was the gay scene like in nineteenth-century New York?   Gay romance, if you like, but no porn (I don't do porn).  Women have read it and reviewed it.  (The cover illustration doesn't hurt.)







Reviews

"At times amusing, gritty, heartfelt and a little sexy -- this would make a great summer read."  Four-star Amazon customer review by BobW.

"Really more of a fantasy of a 19th century gay life than any kind of historical representation of the same."  Three-star Goodreads review by Rachel.

"The detail Browder brings to this glimpse into history is only equaled by his writing of credible and interesting characters.  Highly recommended."  Five-star Goodreads review by Nan Hawthorne.


Available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.



File:Chicago world's fair, a century of progress, expo poster, 1933.jpg
A poster for the Chicago World's Fair of 1933, which I attended
as a tiny tot.  The "Century of Progress" coincided
with the worst depression in the nation's history
.


Coming soon:  New York and the Slave Trade: a shameful chapter in the city's history.


©   2018   Clifford Browder

Sunday, January 7, 2018

336. Money: Is It Even Real?


Dark Knowledge, the third title in my Metropolis series of novels set in nineteenth-century New York, was released by Anaphora Literary Press on January 5, 2018, making it available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.  Signed copies are available from the author.  For more about this and other works of mine, see below following the post. 

A note to my friends:  Yes, I publicize my books, because you have to, and this year there will be more.  BUT: Don't buy them unless you really wish to read them.  I don't want to be one of those writers whose friends say, "Oh my God, he's published another book!  I suppose we'll have to buy it."  Some of my friends buy all my books, some buy none, and some buy some but not others, and all of that is okay.  In time, books usually find their audience.

Browder - Cover - 9781681143675-Perfect - 2

SMALL TALK

Greenwich Village, including the West Village where I live and the East Village, has seen many significant beginnings.  For instance:

  • Jane Jacobs, the pioneering preservationist, wrote her first book, The Life and Death of Great American Cities, while living here, and in the 1960s helped defeat an urban renewal plan by Robert Moses that would have devastated Washington Square Park -- the first defeat of such a plan.
  • The first public meeting of the NAACP occurred here at Cooper Union in 1909.
  • Margaret Sanger, the founder in 1916 of the first birth control clinic, lived here.
  • Thomas Paine, the fiery patriot whose 1776 pamphlet Common Sense helped bring on the American Revolution, lived here.
  • Bell Labs, where TV, talkie movies, lasers, and the transistor were developed, was here from 1898 to 1966.
  • Dating from 1971, Westbeth, the first large-scale adaptation of an industrial building (Bell Labs) for residential use, is here.
  • Bob Dylan first performed here, at Gerde's Folk City, in 1961.
  • Billie Holiday first sang her protest against lynching, Strange Fruit," here at the first racially integrated nightclub, CafĂ© Society.
  • The first community garden was here.
  • Hare Krishna was founded here in 1965.
  • The gay rights movement began here with the Stonewall Riots of 1969.
  • The first rock musical, Hair, was produced here at the Public Theater in 1967.


And so on, and so on.  Notice how many of these "firsts" occurred in the wild and raucous 1960s, before the West Village became a hopelessly high-rent district.  For that kind of creativity, today you'd have to go to the distant farther reaches of Brooklyn, or even out of the city.  Which raises the question, "Does gentrification kill creativity?"  Probably, alas, though some may argue otherwise.

Money: Is It Even Real?


     There are three subjects that have always fascinated, even obsessed people: sex, health, and money.  Books on these subjects may not make the bestseller lists, but they are sure to sell.  Because we want and need – or think we need – a lot of all three.  So let’s consider money.  Not that I’m an expert on the matter, I am not; these are simply the thoughts of a layman. First of all, what is money?

     “Money is fiction,” a Wall Street professional remarked, with an enigmatic smile, when queried by a TV host planning to do a program on the subject.  The program that resulted told of a small Pacific island where the commonly accepted money was statues.  The statues were installed at various spots on the island, usually on someone’s property, and everyone knew who owned each.  If one islander bought a plot of land from another, the buyer might give one of his statues in exchange. No need to move the statue, since in this small community everyone knew who the new owner was.  The statues were not made on the island but imported from another island that produced them.  On one occasion when an islander imported a new statue by ship, and the ship foundered in a storm, sending the statue to the bottom of the sea, it hardly mattered; everyone knew who the owner of the lost statue was, and credited him with this new acquisition.  Even at the bottom of the sea, this hunk of stone was accepted as money, because the islanders believed in its value.  Money is fiction.

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     In America today, a huge society where no one can know everyone, we don’t use statues for money, we use dollar bills.  But a dollar bill is in itself just a piece of printed paper; it has no intrinsic value.  We accept it as having value because we have faith in the U.S. treasury and the U.S. economy, and right now the dollar is very strong compared to other currencies, because people the world over know that the U.S. economy, if not robust, is still stronger and healthier than all the other economies, some of which are on life support.  People believe in the dollar.



File:Morgan silver dollar.jpg     Why paper money?  Because it’s easy to tote around.  I came to appreciate this once when, traveling in our western states, I began getting silver dollars in change; the novelty soon wore off, and I was annoyed at having to lug around this heavy weight in my pockets. 

     Still, there was a time when governments minted gold and silver coins that had the value designated on them; in times of economic crisis people grabbed them and hoarded them.  But their value still depended on the common belief that gold and silver had value; without that act of faith, even gold and silver coins would be worthless.

     But this country didn’t always have dollars.  Back in the first half of the nineteenth century the common currency was notes issued by banks that were under state, but not federal, regulations, and those regulations varied from state to state. The notes of the big New York banks, being backed by substantial assets, were highly prized throughout the nation and could be redeemed in gold and silver coins (specie).  But in boom times there were so-called “wildcat banks” in the South and West launched by enterprising gentlemen who had high hopes but only the flimsiest assets; when the boom ended, those banks usually went bust.


     New York City has always been a place where people came to make money.  It began as a flourishing port, and as money flowed to it, it became the nation’s leading money center as well, with banks and insurance companies clustered along Wall Street and in its vicinity.  But merchants and drovers from other states flocked to it, the drovers driving cattle and other livestock to sell, and the merchants coming to replenish the goods of their stores.  With them both drovers and merchants brought what was termed “uncurrent money,” notes drawn on the banks of their region, often obscure little country banks that New Yorkers viewed with distrust.  These notes were honored in the city, but only at a discount that fluctuated, maybe seventy or sixty or fifty cents on the dollar, as reported in long lists of small print in the daily newspapers. 

     Dan Drew, a former drover who had become proprietor of the Bull’s Head Tavern, where drovers sold cattle to the city’s butchers, saw a chance here to make money.  He opened a firm on Wall Street and began buying uncurrent money at a discount.  Knowing him from his days at the Bull’s Head, the drovers flocked to him, eager to unload their unwanted bank notes even at a steep discount.  Drew then hung on to the notes and waited patiently until their value rose a bit, at which point he sold them at a profit.  Nice for him, but less so for the drovers.

     This state of things, with no federal currency and only bank notes from different states with different regulations, was chaotic.  There were those who called for a national currency that would be honored in every corner of the country, but many were suspicious of a strong federal government and resisted change.  (Yes, there were libertarians back then, too.)  Change did finally come, but only as the result of a crisis.  Which is the American way: resist reform until things blow up in your face, then think about it.

     What blew up in everyone’s face was the Civil War. Suddenly, in 1861,  the U.S. government found its expenses soaring, as it put out contracts for uniforms, tents, blankets, rifles, bayonets, ammunition, and everything else needed to fight a long and costly war.  New York banks ran out of money to lend, and foreign banks demanded an exorbitant rate of interest, so President Lincoln decided on a bold and risky step: to print paper money in large quantities backed by nothing but the name of the federal government; the government’s creditors would either accept it or not.  And so, once Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862, the printing presses got busy and bills began rolling out whose green print gave them the name of “greenbacks.”  The creditors accepted them, but with gold in hiding and greenbacks plentiful, the value of greenbacks declined in terms of gold.  Then news of Union victories caused the price of greenbacks to rise, and the price continued to fluctuate, depending on news from the battlefields.


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An 1862 greenback.

     And so, with the country locked in a fierce struggle to preserve its very existence as a nation, speculators began betting on the price of gold.  If the North lost the war, gold would be of value, but greenbacks might be repudiated by the government.  But if it won the war, greenbacks would be of value, and gold would be less attractive.  To put it simply:

                    a Northern victory:         a Northern defeat:
                    gold up                           gold down
                    greenbacks down          greenbacks up

A wild speculation followed, with traders betting for or against greenbacks, and against gold or for gold, while the big operators planted agents at the front to wire back the battle news at once, to give them an advantage in trading.  Lincoln in the White House was well aware of all this, though powerless to stop it.  “What do you think of those fellows in Wall Street who are gambling in gold at such a time as this?” he asked Governor Curtin of Pennsylvania.  “They are a set of sharks,” said Curtin.  “For my part,” said Lincoln, banging his fist on a table, “I wish every one of them had his devilish head shot off!”

     And this regarding a speculation where no one ever saw gold, just certificates and statements of account.  Greenbacks versus gold: paper against paper, fiction against fiction.  Yet fortunes were made and lost.

     Clearly, to talk about money is to talk about gold.  So where is there gold, great chunks of it, today?  In this country, in a fortress-like building in Fort Knox, Kentucky, which holds, in the form of gold bars, a large portion of the U.S. government’s official gold reserves, worth some $380 billion and constituting about 3% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history.  Guarding this treasure are alarms, video cameras, microphones, minefields, barbed razor wire, electric fences, and armed guards, plus helicopter gunships, tanks, and an Army combat brigade in the vicinity.


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The Fort Knox gold vault today.

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Bars of gold in the gold vault of the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York
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     Yet there is even more gold – some 7,000 metric tons of it -- in the underground vault of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York at 33 Liberty Street in downtown Manhattan.  In that vault, resting on bedrock 80 feet below street level and 50 feet below sea level, is 40% of the world’s gold, most of it held in trust for the central banks of foreign nations. 

     The gold at Fort Knox has long gripped the public’s imagination, as seen in the James Bond movie Goldfinger, based on the novel of the same name, where the villainous Goldfinger sends Pussy Galore’s Flying Circus to spray the soldiers guarding Fort Knox with deadly nerve gas, so that he can steal its hoard of gold bullion.  (Needless to say, James Bond foils the plot, and the gold remains under wraps at Fort Knox.)  In fact, the gold at Fort Knox is so closely guarded that conspiracy theories surface from time to time, asking whether there is any gold there at all, following which assurances are made by those privileged few who are allowed to inspect the vault.  In this layman’s humble opinion, there is gold aplenty there, and I’ll leave it to the experts to debate whether or not this hoard should even exist.

     Gold fascinates us as no paper money ever can.  It is the refuge sought by many whenever the economy seems threatened and paper money is suspect.  Today nutritionist Gary Null, who also opines on economic matters on radio station WBAI, predicts that in the near future the dollar will be dethroned as the world’s most stable and sought-after currency, with resulting disruption in world markets.  So where does he advise savvy investors to put their money?  In gold.

     As a layman I don’t presume to know whether Null’s advice is sound.  There have always been “gold bugs” predicting imminent financial ruin and talking up gold as the only safe form of wealth.  But in the long run stocks and bonds have outperformed gold, which, like all commodities, fluctuates in value.  

     A new form of money has surfaced recently: bitcoin, a digital currency launched in 2009 by persons unknown using the name Satoshi Nakamoto and not backed by any central bank.  Like conventional money, however, it depends on people having faith in it.  It has proved profitable for some, but at present I see it, and other digital currencies that have since appeared, as just another form of funny money, a highly speculative venture that could well end as most speculations do: in a bust.

     All this talk about money and gold rings strangely in the supposedly Christian West, for Jesus was not exactly friendly to wealth.  In Matthew 19:24 he famously declared, “It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.”  The poor were much dearer to him than the rich, and in the temple he overturned the tables of the money changers and drove them out. 

     The early Church condemned usury – the lending of money at exorbitant interest rates – and Henry Adams’s classic work Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres observed that the Virgin, to whom the cathedral of Chartres is dedicated, had little interest in bankers.  This suspicion of bankers, whether Christian-inspired or not, has persisted into modern times and even infiltrated popular entertainment.  Whenever the radio soap opera Ma Perkins required a villain, the writers trotted out the local banker, who never failed to cause trouble until finally foiled by Ma.  And following the financial crisis of 2008, the reputation of bankers in this country was, for a while, somewhere below that of cockroaches.

     But as feudalism and the age of faith transitioned into capitalism and a more secular time, the churches – both Roman Catholic and Protestant – found that bankers and the money they provided (at a good interest rate) were, under certain circumstances, perhaps acceptable.  It’s no coincidence, I suspect, that the Medici family of Florence, the greatest bankers of Renaissance Italy, provided two Popes to the Vatican, as well as two queens to the kingdom of France. And in 1942 Pope Pius XII by papal decree founded the Vatican Bank, a privately owned institute located exclusively on the territory of the Vatican and reporting to the Pope.  Its operations have been murky and touched by scandal and corruption, including charges of money laundering. Today Pope Francis is encouraging more transparency and reform in the operations of the bank and the Curia, but there is an old Italian saying, “Popes come and go, but the Curia is forever.”



BROWDERBOOKS
  


All books are available online as indicated, or from the author.

1.  No Place for Normal: New York / Stories from the Most Exciting City in the World (Mill City Press, 2015).  Winner of the Tenth Annual National Indie Excellence Award for Regional Non-Fiction; first place in the Travel category of the 2015-2016 Reader Views Literary Awards; and Honorable Mention in the Culture category of the Eric Hoffer Book Awards for 2016.  All about anything and everything New York: alcoholics, abortionists, greenmarkets, Occupy Wall Street, the Gay Pride Parade, my mugging in Central Park, peyote visions, and an artist who made art of a blackened human toe.  In her Reader Views review, Sheri Hoyte called it "a delightful treasure chest full of short stories about New York City."

If you love the city (or hate it), this may be the book for you.  An award winner, it sold well at BookCon 2017.

Review 

"If you want wonderful inside tales about New York, this is the book for you.  Cliff Browder has a way with his writing that makes the city I lived in for 40 plus years come alive in a new and delightful way. A refreshing view on NYC that will not disappoint."  Five-star Amazon customer review by Bill L.

Available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.

No Place for Normal: New York / Stories from the Most Exciting City in the World

2.  Bill Hope: His Story (Anaphora Literary Press, 2017), the second novel in the Metropolis series.  New York City, 1870s: From his cell in the gloomy prison known as the Tombs, young Bill Hope spills out in a torrent of words the story of his career as a pickpocket and shoplifter; his brutal treatment at Sing Sing and escape from another prison in a coffin; his forays into brownstones and polite society; and his sojourn among the “loonies” in a madhouse, from which he emerges to face betrayal and death threats, and possible involvement in a murder.  Driving him throughout is a fierce desire for better, a persistent and undying hope.

For readers who like historical fiction and a fast-moving story.


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Reviews

"A real yarn of a story about a lovable pickpocket who gets into trouble and has a great adventure.  A must read."  Five-star Amazon customer review by nicole w brown.

"This was a fun book.  The main character seemed like a cross between Huck Finn and a Charles Dickens character.  I would recommend this."  Four-star LibraryThing review by stephvin.

Available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.


3.  Dark Knowledge (Anaphora Literary Press, 2018), the third novel in the Metropolis series.  Adult and young adult.  A fast-moving historical novel about New York City and the slave trade, with the sights and sounds and smells of the waterfront. 

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The back cover summary:


New York City, late 1860s.  When young Chris Harmony learns that members of his family may have been involved in the illegal pre-Civil War slave trade, taking slaves from Africa to Cuba, he is appalled.  Determined to learn the truth, he begins an investigation that takes him into a dingy waterfront saloon, musty old maritime records that yield startling secrets, and elegant brownstone parlors that may have been furnished by the trade.  Since those once involved dread exposure, he meets denials and evasions, then threats, and a key witness is murdered.  Chris has vivid fantasies of the suffering slaves on the ships and their savage revolts.  How could seemingly respectable people be involved in so abhorrent a trade, and how did they avoid exposure?  And what price must Chris pay to learn the painful truth and proclaim it?

Early reviews

"A lively and entertaining tale.  The writing styles, plot, pace and character development were excellent."  Four-star LibraryThing early review by BridgitDavis.

"At first the plot ... seemed a bit contrived, but I was soon swept up in the tale."  Four-star LibraryThing early review by snash.

"I am glad that I have read this book as it goes into great detail and the presentation is amazing.  The Author obviously knows his stuff."  Four-star LibraryThing early review by Moiser20.

Just released; available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.


4.  The Pleasuring of Men (Gival Press, 2011), the first novel in the Metropolis series, tells the story of a respectably raised young man who chooses to become a male prostitute in late 1860s New York and falls in love with his most difficult client.

What was the gay scene like in nineteenth-century New York?   Gay romance, if you like, but no porn (I don't do porn).  Women have read it and reviewed it.  (The cover illustration doesn't hurt.)







Reviews

"At times amusing, gritty, heartfelt and a little sexy -- this would make a great summer read."  Four-star Amazon customer review by BobW.

"Really more of a fantasy of a 19th century gay life than any kind of historical representation of the same."  Three-star Goodreads review by Rachel.

"The detail Browder brings to this glimpse into history is only equaled by his writing of credible and interesting characters.  Highly recommended."  Five-star Goodreads review by Nan Hawthorne.


Available from Amazon and Barnes & Noble.




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Coming soon: The Next Big Thing.  What was it in the past, and what will it be in the future?  Want to take a guess?


©   2018   Clifford Browder